This is a subject that I feel very passionate about, finding an end for the animal that is respectful and calm. It is also one that is very difficult to talk about in public. A lot of people have their own experiences and opinions, and if I've learned anything, there is no one way that is best for everyone.
What I share here is my own
experience and thoughts on the matter. I'm the kind of person who is extremely soft hearted about animals. I feel that we
should treat them with respect, and if we are entrusted with their care, it's important to provide them with an environment that allows them to live a life true to their nature. I also eat meat. It's difficult to reconcile these two things in the society where I live, as meat eating is estranged from animal welfare issues, but that's something for another day. To ensure the animal has a good life, I got some
land and raised my own livestock. It troubled me when I took the animal to the slaughterhouse that the animal was stressed at the end and that we would get back as little as 40 percent (by weight) of what we took. How can 60% waste be acceptable when I'm attempting to honour and be grateful to the animal? So I learned how to process (such a polite phrase, process meat) the animal at home, where I could ensure there was a calm end and that at least 90% of the animal would end up in my belly with the other 10% being used for non-food purposes.
That's my point of view, and I respect that others have different opinions.
The End
That's what I call it, killing, slaughtering, whatever you want to use. I am not yet at a place where I can end an animal's life, so I hire someone to do it for me. I've seen shooting, knife, halal, and used people from different walks of life from students to hunters to other farmers. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. These are the two endings that I found acceptable.
My preference is Halal style. This is a religious style of killing the animal traditionally used by Muslims. The animal is first taken away from the flock so that the other animals cannot hear, see or smell the event. When done properly the animal is calmed. He sits with the animal and calm it down, this can take a minute, this can take two hours, but he doesn't do anything until the animal is calm. The practical advantage of this is that the animal dies without all those stress chemicals pulsing through its system. I find that the smell of the raw meat is a lot sweeter than any other way of slaughtering an animal, it also seems to make the meat far more tender than it should be.
Second choice for me is shooting the animal. This needs to be done right, so the person with the gun needs to know how the skull is shaped so they can shoot in the right spot. Each kind of animal, and males and females have different skulls, so someone use to shooting goats would need to learn different method to kill a pig. When done well, the consciousness of the animal is gone in less than a second. We don't have a gun and aren't allowed to use one on our property, so the animal has to travel to it's final destination which causes them stress.
It's important to learn what your
local laws are about home processing animals. Some places you cannot kill an animal without special licence or training, other places you can only butcher your own animal on your own property for your own use. Know your local laws. Also, know your neighbours. Some neighbours say they are find with you processing your own meat, but if they see it done, they call the cops on you. It may be better to ensure that your location is out of sight of your neighbours.
Butchering
The cutting up of the carcass is an interesting experience. The first time I did it, with that mean old goat, I cried buckets. Here is something that was alive and is no longer alive. It's the closest thing I've ever had to a spiritual moment - I felt incredibly honoured that this life would nourish me and my family.
Before you can do much, it's good to skin and take the guts out. I do this right away after ending the animal, hanging it from a gambrel. If you would like, I could dig up some resources on this, but I don't much like talking about this part as it's sad.
You can butcher, that is cut up the meat right away after ending the animal, but I prefer to let it go through rigour first. Depending on the size of the goat and the temperature, it takes about twenty four hours, sometimes as much as two days. I feel this gives the meat time to relax. I don't have refrigeration large
enough, so I only butcher when the outside high is less than 10 degrees C. I wrap the carcass in clean cotton cloth (not plastic!) and put it in the garage until rigour is finished. (edit to add: note, this is how I do it. It's best to do your own research on keeping the meat a safe temperature during this time.)
When it comes to cutting up the meat, just about everything they write for lamb or mutton can be applied to goats. The cuts are basically the same, but don't be too rigid about getting them right. Everything at this stage is edible, so if you make a mess of it, just cut it into chunks or grind it up. Unfortunately there is no dotted line showing you where to cut.
An important tip is to cut the meat into small sizes. Don't freeze the whole leg, but rather cut it into roasts - bone in roast, bone out roast, whatever. Since there is two of us, I try for chunks about 1 to 3 pounds. A whole leg is daunting to fetch from the freezer, thaw and deal with. A boneless roast can be used so many ways - I can slice off a few bits for stir fry one night, roast the remainder the next, grind the leftover roast for shepherds pie. Bone in can be used the same way, but the bones may be used for broth making.
My tools: Cleaver, Bone Saw, large kitchen knife, at least three hunting knives, sometimes a boning knife, towels that don't mind getting mucky, butcher paper and freezer tape (lots of these last two).
Most important thing to know is that the knives need to be sharp. It's far too much effort to work with dull knives and quite dangerous too. I choose hunting knives with a high
carbon content over kitchen knives for this task. The hunting knives are cheaper for the quality and they hold an edge much better. Having a steel and knowing how to use it will be a huge advantage. If you don't know how to use a steel, either learn or don't bother getting one, stick to what you know for sharpening your knives.
For the bone saw, when butchering a goat or sheep, I use a smaller saw, a hacksaw that I got from the home improvement store. I use a carbon blade designed to cut metal. It is considerably lighter than a proper bone saw and the smaller set teeth make it less likely to jump in my hand. When processing anything larger than an adult sheep, I use the proper bonesaw.
There is lots of sources that say that wrapping the meat in paper, or other breathable material make it last longer. Apparently it ages instead of rotts like it would if wrapped in plastic. I don't know the science behind this, but I'm happy following tradition of wrapping with butcher paper. I find that the meat wrapped in paper freezes well, whereas the plastic wrapped meat comes of the freezer with a weird texture.
Resources:
Although about pork, I always watch
This video before butchering an animal.
Basic Butchering of Livestock & Game Paperback by John J. Mettler - Good for skinning and gutting, a few interesting recipes if I remember right. May be good for some people, but not a book I use often.
Whole Beast Butchery: The Complete Visual Guide to Beef, Lamb, and Pork by Ryan Farr is high on my list. This book has beautiful step by step instructions with excellent photos of each step for cutting up the meat.
My number one book for this sort of thing is
In the Charcuterie by Boetticher and Miller. Delicious recipes including curing the meat, and beautiful instructions on how to butcher the carcass. There is a lot of nose to tail cooking in this one, which jives with my values of using the whole animal.