I cannot say much about what is allowed elsewhere, but here in Missouri a common rural sewage solution is a sewage lagoon system and I have to say that a direct discharge lagoon is one of the most trouble free, owner maintainable, ecologically friendly systems ever devised. There may be a special combination of factors that make this system not viable in other areas but I will gladly sing the praises of it.
When we bought our house and land the situation was so much what we wanted that even though I was unfamilliar with sewage lagoons that I was willing to deal with it if it should prove problematical. The real problem for any sewage situation around here is that the clay just does not percolate around here. does not does not does not!
Rules (there are more but this is just some I am prepared to address.
It must be at least 50 feet from the dwelling
It is only allowed on land holdings of 5 acres or more
It must be 100 feet from any land boundary
It must be open to the sun
It must be open to the wind (hence no trees withing 50 feet
It must be fenced (a potentially stupid requirement and mine is grandfathered)
In this kind of soil, the open to the wind and sun requirements are mostly about how it gets rid of the water, i.e. by evaporation not percolation.
The
fence requirement is so that children pets and strying live stock will not wander in and get stuck and stinky or drowned. The stupidity is evident in that my
pond is 5o yards away and it does not need to be fenced, and I have gotten myself stuck in it and had to get help getting out (I now know how to do that without help)
My claim that it is so eco-friendly is based on the reputation of amphibians being extremely subject to environment contamination and the fact that my lagoon has the highest concentration of frogs on our property, (Our 1.8
acre pond not withstanding). Of course just as with a septic tank the home owner has to not be ignorant and do something like pouring something harsh and contaminating down any of the drains.
Sanitation of pathogens is accomplished by
solar radiation, aerobic decay and proper openness to sun and wind.
I have only once or twice detected any odor at all when being near the lagoon and that only smelled a bit swampy and/or like the discharge from a washing machine (only a bit weaker)
The greatest threat for sewage lagoons seems to come from
real estate agents, who seem to not want anyone to have one. These agents seem to want a quick sell and some of the uninformed customers react with "Ewwww Poo" I don't want to buy this. So the agents lobby for outlawing them just to make sales quicke and easier. Oh, and they also insist on calling them Cess Pits as propaganda to make them sound awful. Fortunately where I live there is no code enforcement and mine is grandfathered anyway. But be aware that the VA requires (an unnecessary) septic tank between the house and lagoon and some other stuff anyway.
As for the owner maintainable feature.
My lagoon usually goes dry at least once in most summers. If I am away on vacation for a week or two in the summer when I come back I can walk across the lagoon leaving foot prints but not getting much of anything on my shoe soles. If the lagoon starts to fill in (takes years) with a long handled shovel I can dig out the "night soil" and simply throw it on the
berm that was created when the pit was dug. If there is a lot of water in the lagoon, it is sufficient to dig out all around the edges where a long handled spade will reach as the stuff in the middle will simply sluff to the outside edge.
My wife did not want to be able to look out the back window and see the lagoon (psychological aversion) so I planted a bamboo grove and that solved that issue for her and she has no concern about the lagoon any more and does not mind it being there.
One problem if you buy a place that already has a lagoon. Some idiots think that it is a place to get rid of anything that is unwanted. The first time it went dry and I shoveled out some of the buildup I found several large rocks that had been tossed in to get rid of them, and a used oil filter or two. Just remnants of the ignorant of
people who do not understand what a sewage lagoon is for ( kind of like people who use
gasoline to clean greasy parts and then flush it down the toilet.
So my opinion is that sewage lagoons are the best thing going for soil that will not percolate.
Yes if you have a well then the siting of the well and the lagoon could be an issue, however like much of missouri, this county has a county water system that provides us with water from deep
wells with all the modern chlorine and fluorine that any urbanite might want.
And yes, new homes are being built with sewage lagoon systems.